Gathered together here are the fundamental texts of the great classical period in modern logic. A complete translation of Gottlob Frege’s Begriffsschrift—which opened a great epoch in the history of logic by fully presenting propositional calculus and quantification theory—begins the volume, which concludes with papers by Herbrand and by Gödel.

This compact history traces the computer industry from 1950s mainframes, through establishment of standards beginning in 1965, to personal computing in the 1980s and the Internet’s explosive growth since 1995. Martin Campbell-Kelly and Daniel Garcia-Swartz describe a steady trend toward miniaturization and explain its consequences.

On the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, Tony Saich offers the definitive history of the CCP's rise and rule. The party has suffered self-inflicted wounds yet thrived thanks to its flexibility. Looking ahead, Saich assesses how the CCP is adapting to global leadership and the expectations of China's growing middle class.

New technologies are shaking the foundations of traditional finance. Leading economist Eswar Prasad foresees the end of cash, as central banks develop their own digital currencies to compete with Bitcoin and Facebook's Diem. Money and finance are on the verge of dramatic transformations that will reshape their roles in the lives of ordinary people.

A basic guide to the latest news from the cosmic frontier—about black holes in the centers of galaxies, about galactic cannibalization, about the vast distances between galaxies, and about new evidence regarding dark energy and cosmic expansion—this book provides a foundation for exploring the more speculative fringes of our current understanding.

This book is an intellectual history of the major theoretical problem in immunology and its resolution in the post–World War II period. In recent years immunology has been one of the most exciting—and successful—fields of biomedical research; this book provides essential background for understanding the conceptual conflicts occurring in the field.

Scientific progress doesn't always precede engineering advances; it often follows. Answering questions isn't always the goal; finding questions often is. Sometimes we seek to strengthen conventional wisdom; sometimes to surprise it. What if we could rethink nurturing research, through policy and management, to harmonize with the nature of research?

In his seventeen-book Geography, Strabo (ca. 64 BC–ca. AD 25) discusses geographical method, stresses the value of geography, and draws attention to the physical, political, and historical details of separate regions. Geography is a vital source for ancient geography and informative about ancient geographers.

Mir Taqi Mir (1723-1810), widely regarded as the most accomplished Urdu poet, composed his ghazals in a distinctive Indian style arising from the Persian tradition. Here, the lover and beloved live in a world of extremes: the outsider is the hero and death is preferred to the beloved's indifference. Ghazals offers a collection of Mir's finest work.

Give and Take offers a new history of government in Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868), one that focuses on ordinary subjects: merchants, artisans, villagers, and people at the margins of society. Maren Ehlers explores how high and low people negotiated and collaborated with each other as they addressed the problem of poverty in early modern Japan.